GPCRs / 7-TM Receptors
Pharmacology is the study of interactions between drugs and biological systems. It is also the study of drug sources and their intrinsic properties. Most drugs act on defined pharmacological targets in order to exert their effects. The term drug is intended to mean any substance that alters normal biochemical function. Drugs with medicinal properties are termed pharmaceuticals. Tocris products are categorised according to pharmacological activity. Click on any link below for further information.
Cell biology is the study of the formation, structure, function, communication and death of a cell. Studying processes that occur within a cell, such as replication, energy conversion, molecular transport, and intra- and intercellular signaling, is vital to understanding many disease states.
Cancer is a term used to define a group of diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control, are able to invade neighboring tissues/organs and metastasize. Cancer has been characterized by six hallmarks; self sufficiency in proliferative growth signals, insensitivity to growth inhibitors, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, ability to develop blood vessels (angiogenesis), and tissue invasion and metastasis.
The cardiovascular, or circulatory, system is a closed elastic circuit consisting of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins) and the blood. The primary function is to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues throughout the body and reabsorb waste carbon dioxide for its removal. This function is performed by the use of pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Epigenetics can be defined as acquired changes in chromatin structure that arise independently of a change in the underlying DNA nucleotide sequence. Epigenetic modifications - including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination amongst others - alter the accessibility of DNA to transcription machinery and therefore influence gene expression. Ongoing research is revealing the extent of the influence of epigenetics in disease states, and continues to provide a wealth of novel therapeutic targets.
Tocris offers a broad range of fluorescent and bioluminescent reagents, to facilitate the visualization of sub-cellular components in live and fixed cells with high sensitivity and selectivity. The product range includes fluorescent probes, dyes and indicators.
Immunology is a branch of science that studies all aspects of the immune system, ranging from normal physiological functioning through to malfunctions which can lead to immunological diseases. Disorders that result from aberrant activation of the immune system are termed autoimmune diseases.
Infectious diseases are caused by the invasion of an organism's tissues by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa or other parasites and prions. The study of these microorganisms is known as microbiology. Upon infection by a pathogen the body mounts a protective immune response, which is either innate, i.e. non-specific, or adaptive, i.e. acquired and highly specific.
Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system - one of the major mammalian systems responsible for sustaining life. The central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) work in concert to coordinate basic functions such as moving and breathing, as well as 'higher order' functions including thought, speech and emotion.
Although separate conditions, pain and inflammation are nearly always associated with each other. Pain is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) as 'an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage'. Inflammation is the tissue's immunologic response to injury, characterized by mobilization of white blood cells and antibodies, swelling, and fluid accumulation.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that are capable of self-renewal through mitotic cell division, even after long periods of inactivity. Stem cells may be induced to form more specialized cells of a tissue or organ by a process termed cellular differentiation, which is defined by the potency of a cell.
Targeted Protein Degradation (TPD) refers to the use of heterobifunctional small molecule "degraders" (e.g. PROTAC molecules) to achieve knockdown of target proteins within cells. PROTACs, also known as Active Degraders, consist of binding moieties for an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a target protein joined by a linker. The binding of both moieties results in the formation of a ternary complex between target protein and E3 ligase, leading to polyubiquitination of the target protein.
GPCRs / 7-TM Receptors
Enzymes
Ion Channels
Nuclear Receptors
Transporters
Other Pharmacology
Angiogenesis
Cell Cycle
Cell Metabolism
Cytoskeleton & Motor Proteins
ECM & Adhesion Molecules
Epigenetics
Regulated Cell Death
Signal Transduction
Signal Transduction
Aptamers
Chemogenetics
Controlled Substances
Fluorescence Imaging
GMP & Ancillary Material Grade Small Molecules
Optopharmacology
Peptides
PROTAC® Degraders & Targeted Protein Degradation
Reagents
Small Molecules
Stapled Peptides
Tocriscreen™ Compound Libraries
Toxins
Cancer Research
Cardiovascular System Research
Cell and Gene Therapy Research
COVID-19 Research
Endocrinology Research
Immunology Research
Infectious Disease Research
Neuroscience Research
Pain and Inflammation Research
Respiratory System Research